Opioid Alternatives in Spine Surgeries

Learning objectives

1. 1Describe the various pharmacological components of multimodal analgesia for spine surgery, including their mechanisms of action, efficacy, and potential adverse effects.
2. 2Compare the effectiveness of different analgesic modalities, including opioids, NSAIDs, alpha-2 agonists, local anesthetics, and adjuvants, in managing pain following spine procedures.
3. 3Analyze the risk factors that contribute to difficult-to-manage pain after spine surgery and strategies for addressing these challenges through appropriate multimodal analgesic approaches.